Genghis Khan was the leader’s title, not his name.

  • Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Credit: World History Archive/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd

March 20, 2025

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The mighty conqueror Genghis Khan is one of history’s most formidable world leaders, but his legacy is far better known than his actual name. He was born to a ruling Mongol family and was given the name Temüjin, which means “of iron” or “blacksmith” in the Mongolian language. Temüjin was sent into exile with his mother and siblings when he was 9 years old, after his father was poisoned by political enemies. Despite living in poverty and even a brief enslavement, he clawed his way back to power by killing leaders of rival tribes and gathering allies. By his early 20s, he had emerged as a tribal leader with a large, loyal army.

In 1206, when Temüjin was in his late 30s to mid-40s (his birth year is the subject of debate), he gathered leaders — the ones he hadn’t killed — from all over the Mongolian Steppe to unite them as one nation, ready to conquer neighboring lands. At this assembly, called a kurultai, he was given the title of Genghis Khan. “Khan” is a Mongolian word for “leader” or “ruler,” although its use spread more widely in the following centuries. “Genghis,” also spelled “Chinggis,” is usually translated as “universal,” although it could have also meant “ocean” or “just.”

While he had risen to power as Temüjin, the leader built his empire as Genghis Khan. By his death in 1227, the Mongol Empire reached north to Siberia, south to Tibet, west to the Caspian Sea, and east to the China Sea. His children and grandchildren, including the famed ruler Kublai Khan, went on to grow the territory to around 9 million square miles, making it what is still the largest contiguous land empire in history. Genghis Khan’s immediate successor, Ögödei, used the title khagan, meaning “Great Khan.”

John and Abigail Adams exchanged more than 1,100 letters.

  • Abigail Adams wife of 2nd U.S. President John Adams
Abigail Adams wife of 2nd U.S. President John Adams
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Author Mark Dolan

December 14, 2023

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Few couples have written letters to each other more extensive, and more compelling, than John and Abigail Adams, America’s second president and first lady. The pair met in 1759, when Adams accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to see Cranch’s fiancée Mary Smith, and her younger sister, Abigail. Although unimpressed by the 15-year-old Abigail on this occasion, calling the sisters neither “fond, nor frank, nor candid,” Adams found himself smitten two years later by the young woman. Thus began a correspondence that spanned more than three decades, and offers a rare glimpse into the founding of the United States. 

The early letters between the two lovers document their courtship; Adams addressed letters to “Miss Adorable,” requesting “as many Kisses, and as many Hours of your Company after 9 O’Clock as [I] shall please to Demand.” Even after the couple married in 1764, they continued to exchange letters regularly, as John was frequently away for work. In later years, the correspondence often turned to political matters, as John valued his wife as an intellectual equal and trusted adviser. In one 1776 letter, in the throes of the American Revolution, Abigail famously urged her husband to “remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.” The 1,160 letters the couple exchanged offer an incredible insight into this chapter of American history. All but one of the letters are kept in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society and are available online. 

Ronald Reagan was the first U.S. president to have been divorced.

  • Wedding of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman, 1940
Wedding of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman, 1940
Credit: ARCHIVIO GBB/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Bennett Kleinman

March 19, 2025

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Though he was married to his second wife when he took office in 1981, Ronald Reagan had previously been divorced, making him the first divorcé to serve as president of the United States. A former actor, Reagan met his first wife, actress Jane Wyman, while the two were co-starring in the 1938 movie Brother Rat. They started dating soon after and eventually married on January 26, 1940. Their union lasted nine years; the two strong personalities eventually grew apart, divorcing in 1949.

Reagan wasn’t single for long: He met Nancy Davis, the future first lady, just a few months later. Davis was an aspiring actor at the time who discovered her name was on the Hollywood blacklist — a career-killing list of actors suspected of having communist ties. She contacted the Screen Actors Guild president — Ronald Reagan — for help getting her name off the list. The pair met for dinner on November 15, 1949, and Davis was assured that it was a different actor of the same name who had been blacklisted. The two kept talking anyway, and started dating, leading to their wedding on March 4, 1952. They remained together until Reagan’s death in 2004. 

The first napkins were made of soft dough.

  • Ancient Greeks sharing a meal
Ancient Greeks sharing a meal
Classic Image/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Anne T. Donahue

December 19, 2023

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The ancient Greeks unknowingly set the bar for environmentally friendly dining: The first napkins were edible pieces of soft dough, which were often fed to the dogs after a meal. Centuries before the widespread use of paper napkins, soft pieces of dough were cut into small pieces, rolled, and then kneaded at the table before being used to wipe people’s fingers and hands after eating. This dough was called apomagdalia, which refers to the doughy bread inside the crusts, also known as “the crumb.” Eventually, the practice evolved, and diners used sliced pieces of bread to clean their hands. 

Since ancient Greeks ate with their hands, napkins of some sort were a necessity. At large banquets, towels and water were sometimes circulated among guests to tidy up between courses, but it wasn’t until the Romans began using cloths at mealtime that the modern napkin found its footing. A large cloth known as a mappa was draped over the body when reclining and eating, and guests would often bring their own to fill with food to take home as leftovers. 

The first paper napkins emerged in ancient China around the second century CE, when small pieces of paper were folded into squares and fitted into the bottom of baskets that held teacups. The word “napkin,” meanwhile, originated in France: “Nappe” is the French word for “tablecloth,” while “kin” was added to the end to note its smaller size.

One of the most famous naval heroes in history suffered from seasickness.

  • Horatio Nelson aboard the HMS Elephant
Horatio Nelson aboard the HMS Elephant
Credit: Hulton Archive via Getty Images
Author Timothy Ott

March 13, 2025

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Britain’s celebrated Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson was essentially the living embodiment of the hardscrabble “Four Yorkshiremen” of the classic Monty Python sketch. As a young naval officer, he lost sight in his right eye from gravel strewn by an incoming cannonball. A few years later, he had his right arm amputated — without anesthetic — after being shot in the heat of another battle. Lord Nelson also weathered the debilitating effects of malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, scurvy, and dysentery at various points in his life. But the cruelest affliction may well have been the seasickness that plagued him for the duration of his three-plus decades at sea.

This unfortunate condition was revealed to many with the public display of an 1804 letter in which Lord Nelson, then head of the British fleet in the Mediterranean, described his longtime struggles with boat-rocking waves. “I am ill every time it blows hard and nothing but my enthusiastic love for my profession keeps me one hour at sea,” he wrote. Yet the seasickness hardly kept him from achieving stunning victories at the 1798 Battle of the Nile and the 1801 Battle of Copenhagen, the latter of which famously featured him holding a telescope to his blind eye and pretending not to see an order to retreat. While his death amid the British triumph over Napoleon’s army at the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar kept him from enjoying the spoils of success like the Monty Python characters, Nelson did them one better by becoming the first nonroyal to receive a state funeral at St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Twelve percent of the U.S. population served in World War II.

  • U.S. recruitment office, 1940
U.S. recruitment office, 1940
Credit: Hulton Archive via Getty Images
Author Michael Nordine

March 13, 2025

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When Congress declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, more Americans than ever before heard the call of duty. Some 16.1 million U.S. citizens served in the military by the time World War II ended in 1945, representing 12% of the total population of 132 million at the time. Around 39% of U.S. service members were volunteers, while the remaining 61% were draftees. It was the second-deadliest conflict in U.S. history, with the 407,316 fatalities surpassed only by the 620,000 or more who fell during the Civil War. 

The average duration of service was 33 months, with 73% of Americans serving overseas in countries such as France and Germany for an average of 16 months. An enlisted soldier earned an average of $71.33 per month, while officers made $203.50 per month — equivalent to about $1,436 and $4,107 today, respectively. 

The number of service members was even higher in Germany, where 18.1 million aided the Nazis’ effort out of a population of 69 million — a whopping 31%. No nation bore the brunt of the conflict quite like the Soviet Union, however, where 34.5 million people, including 35% of the male population, mobilized during the war.

There were female gladiators in ancient Rome.

  • Female gladiators marble sculpture
Female gladiators marble sculpture
Credit: World History Archive/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Michael Nordine

December 19, 2023

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If you learned everything you know about gladiators from a certain Ridley Scott movie, there’s a lot left to discover about the ancient Roman blood sport. Most compelling, perhaps, is the fact that there were female gladiators. Details of their exploits are scant compared to those of their male counterparts, but scholars and historians agree that gladiatrices had their share of glory in the arena. Though most came from lower classes, including enslaved women, some middle- and upper-class women also took up the sword and sandal, despite their lifestyle being frowned upon by Roman society, where they had far fewer freedoms than men and were defined in relation to them.

As for why women of means would choose to enter the arena, the University of Michigan’s David S. Potter offers this timeless explanation to History.com: “It’s exciting. It’s different. It pisses off their parents.” Though these female fights were relatively rare and mostly presented as novelty acts, literary and archaeological evidence suggests that a select few women received as much reverence as the men did. The most famous example is a bust depicting two gladiatrices using the stage names Amazon and Achillia, who fought to a noble draw — proving what we do in life really does echo in eternity.

The first portable music player was invented in 1924.

  • Record being placed on a Mikiphone
Record being placed on a Mikiphone
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Author Nicole Villeneuve

March 13, 2025

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Long before the Walkman and iPod, there was the Mikiphone. Invented in 1924 by Hungarian siblings Miklós and Étienne Vadász, the Mikiphone was a portable record player designed to be compact enough to fit into a pocket or purse. It featured a turntable, a tonearm with a needle, and a circular metal resonator that amplified the sound in place of a traditional phonograph’s horn. No power supply was needed — an internal spring drive mechanism rotated the turntable. Everything folded up into a round metal case that measured just over 4 inches across and just under 2 inches thick, more closely resembling an oversized pocket watch than a miniature gramophone. 

The Mikiphone was manufactured by Swiss company Paillard, which was known for its watches and music boxes. Advertisements at the time called the music player a “marvel of compactness” and boasted it was “ideal for picnics, car jaunts, [and] river trips.” Ads even extolled it as “literally the Eighth Wonder of the World.” It was indeed novel for its time, but despite its small size, the device was ultimately a bit cumbersome. The Mikiphone required that several parts — including small pieces such as the needle and the record weight — be carefully assembled and disassembled for each use, and when put together, it primarily played 10-inch, 78 RPM records — hardly a pocket-sized piece of media. Between 1925 and 1927, Paillard manufactured around 180,000 units, but by 1928 sales had plummeted, and Mikiphones were being let go at a major discount as a discontinued product. Today, the Mikiphone is known as the originator of portable music and is a prized collectible.

Pablo Picasso’s full name was more than 100 letters long.

  • Portrait of Pablo Picasso
Portrait of Pablo Picasso
Credit: Sanford Roth/ Photo Researchers via Getty Images
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd

March 13, 2025

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Pablo Picasso is one of the most recognizable names in art history, but if the painter had opted to go by his full name, it’d be a lot harder to remember. He was baptized with one first name, two last names, and 12 middle names, for a grand total of 112 letters: Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano María de los Remedios de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso. (The exact order and spelling vary by source.)

It’s common in Spanish-speaking cultures to have two last names, one for each parent. In Picasso’s case, Ruiz was his paternal surname, Picasso was his maternal surname, and he was given his first name, Pablo, in honor of a paternal uncle who died a few years before his birth. His many middle names each had their own meaning, too.

Some are family names: He was given Diego for both his paternal grandfather and oldest uncle, Francisco de Paula for his maternal grandfather, Juan Nepomuceno for his godfather, and María de los Remedios for his godmother. Others are religious. Santísima Trinidad means Holy Trinity, while Crispín and Crispiniano come from St. Crispín and St. Crispinian, whose feast day, October 25, is also Picasso’s birthday.

Some of the artist’s earlier works are signed P. Ruiz, P. Ruiz Picasso, or P.R. Picasso — but eventually, he settled on the name known by millions today, choosing just “Picasso” for his signature.

Only one president since Herbert Hoover was not named “TIME” Person of the Year.

  • President Gerald Ford
President Gerald Ford
Credit: White House Photo/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Michael Nordine

December 14, 2023

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Though the outcome of any given presidential election is always in doubt, one thing is not: Whoever wins will almost certainly be named TIME magazine’s Person of the Year. The tradition dates back to 1932, when Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first president to be so honored. The title itself was established in 1927, with TIME naming aviator Charles Lindbergh its first Man of the Year (the name was changed to Person of the Year in 1999). President Calvin Coolidge, who was in office in 1927, was passed over by the magazine, as was Herbert Hoover, Coolidge’s successor. Since then, Gerald Ford is the only U.S. president who has not been named Person of the Year.

In a way, that’s fitting, as Ford is also the only commander in chief to never actually be elected vice president or president. He was appointed to the former office after Richard Nixon’s original VP, Spiro Agnew, resigned in disgrace, and he became president after Nixon avoided a likely impeachment over the Watergate scandal by likewise resigning. Ford’s controversial decision to immediately pardon his predecessor is widely considered a black mark on his record that doomed his reelection chances. Jimmy Carter, who defeated Ford in the 1976 election, was named TIME’s Person of the Year shortly after his victory.