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Parts from the original Wright Flyer have been to space.

Wright Flyer, 1903
IanDagnall Computing/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Adam Levine
September 6, 2023

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On December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, aviators Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the world’s first motor-powered airplane flight. On that historic flight, the Wright brothers’ aircraft, the Wright Flyer, reached an altitude of just 8 feet and traveled a distance of 120 feet. Little did anyone know that just 66 years later, parts of that very same plane would travel much higher and much farther — all the way to the moon.

When astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969, he brought with him two fragments from the original Wright Flyer: a 1.25-square-inch piece of muslin fabric cut from the aircraft’s left wing, and a piece of spruce wood taken from the left propeller. Armstrong carried the pieces inside his “personal preference kit,” a small bag of personal items that each of the Apollo 11 astronauts was allowed to bring with them into the lunar module for their journey. But Armstrong wasn’t content to simply treat the Wright Flyer artifacts as carry-on luggage — he placed the fabric and wood inside a pocket of his space suit and walked with them on the lunar surface. In this way, Armstrong was able to pay tribute to the Wright brothers, whose pioneering work ushered in the age of aviation that made the Apollo 11 mission possible.

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There is currently a falcon feather lying next to a hammer on the surface of the moon.

The Wright brothers aren’t the only historical figures whose work received a tribute on the surface of the moon. Pioneering astronomer Galileo Galilei also received a memorable homage on a moonwalk by astronaut David Scott during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971. In order to demonstrate Galileo’s physical principle that all objects fall at the same rate under the influence of gravity regardless of their mass, Scott performed a modified version of the legendary experiment in which the Italian scientist dropped two balls of different masses off the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Instead of two balls, Scott chose to drop two items with an even more dramatic disparity in their masses: a hammer and feather. On Earth, it would take the feather much longer to hit the ground because the planet’s dense atmosphere would create air resistance that would slow the feather’s fall. But on the moon, where there is almost no atmosphere and air resistance is negligible, Scott’s experiment was a resounding success: The hammer and feather fell to the lunar surface at exactly the same rate. Before performing the experiment, Scott acknowledged Galileo’s contributions to physics, calling him “one of the reasons we got here today.” The two items are still lying side by side on the surface of the moon — a lasting tribute to Galileo’s scientific achievements.

Victorian England had special teacups for men with mustaches.

Mustache cup
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Author Bennett Kleinman
September 6, 2023

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Mustaches were a fashionable choice during Britain’s Victorian era, but life with a bushy upper lip wasn’t without its challenges, especially when it came to enjoying a hot cup of tea. Englishmen often used mustache wax to style their facial hair, which melted straight off their upper lip into the warm drink. In response to this predicament, an inventor named Harvey Adams developed an ingenious workaround in the 1870s: the “mustache cup.” The cup featured a traditional shape, with an added built-in ceramic ledge for men to rest their mustaches against, as well as a tiny hole for liquid to pass through. Effectively, it was an adult sippy cup. The mustache cups came in a wide variety of sizes, including larger “farmers’ cups” for pints of tea and tiny porcelain cups embossed with the owner’s name. These teacups were popular not just in the U.K., but also in the U.S., where they were sold at stores such as Sears and Marshall Field’s.

Believe it or not, the mustache cup wasn’t the only 19th-century kitchen invention inspired by facial hair. In 1868, a New York engineer named Solon Farrer created the mustache spoon, which was essentially a spoon with a lid that lifted up. In 1873, inventor Ellen B. A. Mitcheson tweaked Farrer’s idea and submitted a patent of her own. Mitcheson’s version added a piece of holed-out metal to the side of the spoon that rested against the lip, thus keeping the mustache from coming into direct contact while slurping down soup. The concept was largely similar in design to the mustache cup, allowing hot liquids to travel through a tiny hole in the spoon while maintaining those perfectly waxed whiskers.

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French waiters went on strike in 1907 for the right to grow mustaches.

Facial hair was strictly regulated in France around the turn of the 20th century, as French elites attempted to co-opt the mustache as a class symbol. This meant that people who weren’t members of the upper class, including waiters, domestic workers, and even priests, were forbidden from growing mustaches, which led to widespread pushback. Tensions came to a head in April 1907, when a group of French waiters participated in a strike to demand the freedom to grow facial hair, as well as benefits such as higher pay. The waiters were fed up with forced shaving, and the decision to strike left high-end Parisian restaurants losing roughly 25,000 francs per day in revenue. A bill was introduced to outlaw mustache bans across France, though it initially failed. Despite this bureaucratic shortcoming, many waiters at individual restaurants across the country successfully earned the right to wear mustaches, though their wages remained stagnant.

Ferdinand Magellan wasn’t the first person to circumnavigate the globe.

Magellan's ships
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Author Darren Orf
September 6, 2023

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Five hundred years ago, no one suspected the 16th-century vessel the Nao Victoria would become the stuff of legend. In 1519, a Portuguese consul called the Spanish carrack “very old and patched up” and unfit to even “sail … to the Canaries.” Nevertheless, the Nao Victoria was chosen for a five-ship expedition, crewed by 270 men, that would come to be known as one of the most significant journeys in the history of human exploration. 

The captain of this unprecedented adventure was Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães, anglicized Ferdinand Magellan. On September 20, 1519, he set sail aboard the flagship Trinidad from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in southern Spain, with an intended destination of the present-day Maluku Islands. Three years and tens of thousands of miles later, the “very old and patched up” Nao Victoria was the journey’s sole surviving ship — and Magellan wasn’t on board. 

Magellan had died in a skirmish in the Philippines in 1521. It was Juan Sebastián Elcano, another mariner on the expedition, who brought the Nao Victoria back to its home port, but Elcano wasn’t the first person to circumnavigate the globe either. Historians believe that honor belongs to an enslaved person named Enrique, whom Magellan seized during the Portuguese conquest of Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) in 1511. 

Enrique served as an interpreter during the historic journey for eight years after his capture, but he abandoned the mission after Magellan’s death. As luck would have it, Enrique was only a little over 1,500 miles from his native land of Malacca. If Enrique found his way home before September 6, 1522 (when the 18 men aboard the Nao Victoria made it home to Spain), he’d officially be the first person to ever circumnavigate the globe — but we’ll likely never know for sure.

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It took a decade to complete the world’s first (and only) circumnavigation by car.

There are a few big reasons why cars aren’t usually the vehicle of choice when attempting to circumnavigate the globe — they’re called oceans. But this seemingly obvious impossibility didn’t stop adventurists Ben and Elinore Carlin, who set out to drive around the world in 1948. The married couple’s vehicle of choice was a modified Ford GPA, an amphibious jeep nicknamed the “Seep.”  To safely traverse long stretches of ocean, Ben outfitted the vehicle with two extra fuel tanks and the dash with nav equipment and a two-way radio. After all was said and done, the “Half-Safe” — as the couple dubbed it — weighed upwards of 3 tons and could carry nearly 20 times more fuel than normal. It took the Carlins a decade to complete the journey. One of the biggest slowdowns was the risky Atlantic crossing from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to the Azores, Portugal, which the pair attempted seven times before succeeding. They arrived back in Montréal, Canada, on May 13, 1958, after traversing 11,000 miles of sea and 39,000 miles of land and spending nearly $35,000 to do it — which might be the reason Half-Safe’s journey remains one of a kind.

The “Mo” in “Motown” stands for “Motor.”

Motown records section
Richard Newstead/ Moment via Getty Images
Author Adam Levine
August 31, 2023

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On January 12, 1959, musician and record producer Berry Gordy founded an independent R&B record label called Tamla Records. A year later, Gordy gave the label a new name, one that achieved immortality in the world of American popular music: Motown Record Corporation, usually referred to simply as “Motown.” The “Mo” in the name stands for “Motor,” a reference to Gordy’s native Detroit, which was nicknamed the “Motor City” because of the central role it played in the American auto industry. The Motown moniker was Gordy’s way of paying tribute to his community and the industry that defined it in the mid-20th century. Before beginning his career in the music industry, Gordy himself even worked in the foundry of the Ford Motor Company, and later on the production line at the Lincoln-Mercury auto plant in Detroit.

The Motown name soon transcended its regional origins to become synonymous with hit records and pop superstardom. The signature “Motown sound” combined elements of R&B, soul music, and mainstream pop, an alchemical blend of musical styles that launched the careers of some of the most legendary recording artists in music history. Over the course of the 1960s and ’70s, Motown Records’ roster of superstars included the Supremes (led by Diana Ross), the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and the Jackson 5. Motown’s influence on the landscape of American popular music is hard to overstate. In addition to pioneering a new blueprint for writing and recording pop hits, the label became one of the most successful Black-owned businesses of all time, helping African American artists and musicians break into the American mainstream and achieve pop success with audiences of all races. Not bad for an independent record label founded with just $800 in the Motor City.

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Stevie Wonder is the youngest solo artist to record a No. 1 hit.

In 1960, Motown signed one of its most legendary artists: the 11-year-old Little Stevie Wonder. Born Stevland Hardaway Judkins, Wonder was a musical prodigy who, though he had been blind since early childhood, displayed virtuosic skill on pretty much every instrument he picked up. He received his enduring stage name from Motown founder Berry Gordy, who, upon first hearing the young man display his musical talents in the studio, exclaimed, “That boy is a wonder.” It didn’t take long for the rest of the world to see what Gordy saw in Little Stevie Wonder. He established his status as a musical superstar almost immediately: In 1963, when he was just 13 years old, he scored his first No. 1 hit with the song “Fingertips (Part 2).” This made Wonder the youngest solo artist ever to top the Billboard charts, a record he still holds more than 60 years later.

Only one U.S. national park is named after a person.

Viewpoint at the Badlands
Credit: Lisay/ iStock
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd
August 8, 2024

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For the most part, America’s 63 national parks are named not after people, but after the cities and towns where they’re located or the geographical features in and around the parks. There are a couple of national parks that indirectly take their names from individuals — for example, Bryce Canyon National Park is named for Bryce Canyon, which is named for Mormon pioneer Ebenezer Bryce — but Theodore Roosevelt National Park is the only park that’s directly named after a person.

Teddy Roosevelt was an avid outdoorsman and conservationist, and made it a priority in his life and presidency to preserve the United States’ natural resources. During his two terms as president, he established the United States Forest Service, protected 150 national forests, and created five national parks. Along with several bird preserves, game preserves, and national monuments, Roosevelt protected around 230 million acres of public land.

Though Roosevelt was a New Yorker, the Little Missouri badlands in North Dakota held a special place in his heart. He first visited the region in 1883 at the age of 24 to hunt big game, and he fell in love with what he called its “desolate, grim beauty.” The next year, his wife and his mother died within hours of each other, and he returned to the area to grieve and established a ranch there. It remained a sanctuary for him throughout his life. After Roosevelt’s death in 1919, a park in the badlands he loved so much seemed like an apt memorial. It took another three decades to map the land and complete the site, but in 1947, Harry S. Truman formally established Teddy Roosevelt Memorial Park, which was designated as a national park in 1978. 

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Mount Rainier is named after a man who never came close to it.

British explorer George Vancouver surveyed the Pacific Northwest coast in the late 18th century, and he named a lot of places along the way. When he spotted Mount Rainier, now the central fixture of Mount Rainier National Park, he decided to name it after his good friend Peter Rainier, a rear admiral in the British navy. Even though Rainier, who fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War, never actually saw his namesake mountain, the name stuck — though some locals prefer to use the mountain’s Indigenous name, Tahoma.

Einstein was the inspiration for Yoda.

Yoda, Star Wars Episode V
AJ Pics/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Bennett Kleinman
August 23, 2023

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From their unparalleled wisdom to their wispy white hair, physicist Albert Einstein and Jedi master Yoda have quite a bit in common — and that’s no coincidence. In fact, the real-life scientist helped influence the physical look of the beloved Star Wars character. When Yoda was being developed for 1980’s The Empire Strikes Back, Star Wars creator George Lucas hired special effects artist Stuart Freeborn to bring the character to life. By chance, a picture of Einstein happened to hang in the studio where Freeborn worked on the early Yoda puppets. The wrinkled look around Einstein’s eyes eventually made it into Yoda’s final design, coupled with features from Freeborn’s own likeness.

While we all recognize Yoda today, the character almost looked entirely different, and nearly Smurf-like. As seen in The Empire Strikes Back Sketchbook, published in 1980, early concept art for Yoda depicted the great Jedi master as a lanky, blue creature with a long white beard and a pointed hat akin to a garden gnome. Another sketch showed the creature with a handlebar mustache, not quite fitting for the Star Wars universe. Other characters also underwent vast transformations from their original sketches; Chewbacca was originally a tall, thin, and hairy lemur-like creature, whereas Ewoks had long legs like an ostrich. 

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Chewbacca and Indiana Jones were inspired by the same real-life dog.

Star Wars and Indiana Jones are two of the most beloved movie franchises of all time, and both were the brainchild of visionary filmmaker George Lucas. In developing some of his most popular characters, Lucas took inspiration from real life, including his pet dog, Indiana. While he was writing the first Star Wars movie, Lucas’ beloved Alaskan malamute often sat by his side, and frequently plopped down in the front seat next to Lucas on drives, as if the long-haired, larger-than-life dog were his copilot. Inspired by his loyal canine, Lucas decided to create a large, shaggy sidekick for the heroic character Han Solo (portrayed by Harrison Ford), and thus Chewbacca was born. But the dog’s influence extended far beyond the Star Wars universe. In 1978, Lucas sat down to develop his new film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and when asked if he had a name for the main character, he once again looked to his trusted companion. Lucas initially pitched the name “Indiana Smith,” though he suggested “Jones” as an alternative surname, which eventually stuck. Later, in the movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the character reveals he took the nickname “Indiana” from his fictitious pet dog, a line that pays homage to Lucas’ real-life pup.

Before instant photos, Polaroid created goggles for dogs.

Wartime dog with goggles
Stocktrek Images, Inc/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Nicole Villeneuve
August 23, 2023

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Inventor Edwin Land is often referred to as the “original Steve Jobs.” The founder of Polaroid made a lasting impact on the photography world with the introduction of instant photos in 1948. But even before that, Polaroid experimented with other innovative products, all based on Land’s plastic-sheet light polarizers, patented in 1933. Researchers from General Motors, General Electric, and Kodak were intrigued by the possibilities of polarizer sheets, and Land pioneered a groundbreaking 3D movie process. Kodak became his first customer in 1934, buying the product to use in camera filters, and the following year, American Optical began buying polarizer-laminated sunglass filters, which Land had long thought would be helpful to reduce headlight glare while driving.

Despite Land’s momentum, Polaroid, like many other American companies in 1940, altered its strategy and production to assist World War II efforts. The U.S. government’s Office of Scientific Research and Development recruited Land and his company, and working with the National Defense Research Committee, they created a slew of Polaroid products using polarizer technology for military use: aerial survey equipment, tank telescopes, gunsights, flight training machines, and infrared night viewing devices, to name a few. Among the most commonly used objects that came out of this wartime production were goggles; Life magazine even noted in a February 1944 issue that “every U.S. fire-control instrument is equipped with filters and every second man in combat wears filter goggles. Most of these are produced by the Polaroid Corp.” The goggles weren’t just for humans, either: Polaroid produced special goggles to keep debris out of the eyes of dogs and mules, wartime companions who fulfilled countless important roles on the battlefield, including guarding, rescuing, and transporting materials and even soldiers.

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Polaroid warned people not to shake their pictures after the Outkast song “Hey Ya!” came out.

When Atlanta hip-hop group Outkast released their song “Hey Ya!” in August 2003, one lyric in particular stuck in listeners' ears and imaginations: “Shake it like a Polaroid picture.” Rapper André 3000 was talking about dancing, and he was referencing the long-held belief that you were supposed to shake a Polaroid photo to help it develop. The instant photos did, at one time, have a finish that needed time to dry, but the modern version develops behind a plastic coating. After the song’s popularity soared, Polaroid even offered guidance to users on its website: “Rapid movement during development can cause portions of the film to separate prematurely, or can cause 'blobs' in the picture,” the company warned. André 3000, when later asked about the iconic lyric, admits it wasn’t that deep. “In rap, lyric writing is what comes to mind, that was just the visual I had,” he said. “And you're apparently not even supposed to do that.”

Wagon wheel tracks from the Oregon Trail are still visible.

Oregon Trail Wagon
Jeffrey M. Frank/ Shutterstock
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd
August 17, 2023

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In the grand scheme of world history, the Oregon Trail era wasn’t all that long ago, and the physical marks the wagons left behind are still very much visible in Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and, of course, Oregon. More than 300 miles of impressions left behind from heavy wagons can still be seen, sending modern-day travelers back in time to the mid-1800s, when hundreds of thousands people made the treacherous journey to America’s West Coast.

The famed path from Missouri to Oregon pushed through many different types of terrain, so each collection of tracks is unique. Some are wide, shallow indentations worn down in soft earth, while others still show individual wheel tracks. In harder terrain, such as sandstone, deep, angled impressions are still visible, some up to 5 feet deep. In a few places, the tracks tell their own story: Ash Hollow State Park in Nebraska still shows deep erosion from a hilly stretch of trail where travelers had to lock their wheels to keep from going too fast along the steep grade.

Following the tracks can give modern-day road trippers a sense of the route that settlers took westward; helpfully, several highways are in roughly the same place as the original trail, so you never have to miss a historic park or roadside marker. Along I-84 in Oregon, even the rest areas have interpretive signage and, occasionally, yet more wheel tracks to transport you back in time.

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The wagons weren’t for passengers.

Travelers along the Oregon Trail very rarely rode in their wagons. Walking alongside the wagon both allowed it to carry more weight and, perhaps surprisingly, made the journey more comfortable — walking 2,000 miles may be difficult, but try riding in a wagon full of cargo along rough terrain with absolutely no suspension for that long. Even the drivers guided their oxen from the ground. Despite being on foot, a wagon party could travel 20 whole miles on a good day.

The Nixon administration tried to deport John Lennon.

John Lennon and Yoko Ono
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Author Michael Nordine
August 17, 2023

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You don’t have to imagine Richard Nixon trying to deport John Lennon, because it actually happened, in 1972. The 37th President of the United States was no fan of the former Beatle, whose ballad “Give Peace a Chance” became a rallying cry among anti-Vietnam War activists who believed the best way to end the conflict was to make Nixon a one-term commander in chief. This was highly irksome during Nixon’s 1972 reelection campaign, and the famously vindictive leader responded by sending the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) after Lennon, under the pretense that he had been allowed into America improperly since he’d been charged with a marijuana-related misdemeanor in England in 1968.

Their efforts were unsuccessful, in part because Lennon had a little help from his friends. Artists such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Leonard Bernstein, Joyce Carol Oates, and John Updike wrote letters on behalf of Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. The administration kept pushing for deportation despite the “let them stay in the USA” campaign, and even after Nixon won reelection in a landslide. A year after Nixon resigned in disgrace, a three-judge panel ruled in the musician’s favor, writing in its ruling that “Lennon’s four-year battle to remain in our country is testimony to his faith in this American dream.”

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John Lennon hated his singing voice.

Despite being one of the most influential and beloved musicians in history, John Lennon hated the sound of his own voice. In addition to telling biographer Ray Coleman, “I can’t say I ever liked hearing myself,” Lennon requested that Beatles producer George Martin “do something” to his voice to make it sound different, even going so far as to ask him, “Can’t you smother it with tomato ketchup or something?” According to Martin, Lennon “had an inborn dislike of his own voice which I could never understand, as it was one of the best voices I’ve heard.” Millions upon millions of fans agree.

Two months of the year are named after Roman rulers.

Julius Caesar & Augustus
Credit: calvio/ iStock, Benoit Bruchez/ Shutterstock
Author Michael Nordine
July 10, 2024

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In addition to frequently being the hottest months of the year, July and August share etymological origins: Both are named after Roman rulers. July is named in honor of Julius Caesar, while August is named after his successor and adopted heir, Augustus. Born Gaius Octavius in 63 BCE, Augustus was Caesar’s grandnephew on his mother’s side and became the first Roman emperor following his great-uncle’s assassination. Ancient Rome’s influence on the calendar can also be seen in just about every other month: January is named after the god Janus, February comes to us from a purification festival known as Februa, March is named in honor of Mars, June is named for the goddess Juno, and September, October, November, and December had the same names in the Roman calendar. (The names initially corresponded to the months’ position in the 10-month calendar.)

These are all found in the Gregorian calendar, which most of the world has been using for centuries. It succeeded the Julian calendar first introduced by none other than Caesar himself in 46 BCE. The Gregorian calendar was formed because the Julian calendar slightly overestimated a solar year as lasting 365.25 days, which eventually led to a discrepancy of 10 days. Pope Gregory XIII decided to do something about it in 1582 — leading to October 4 being followed directly by October 15 that year. Time may not be a flat circle, but it’s occasionally open to interpretation.

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The Gregorian calendar differs from a solar year by 26 seconds.

Our current calendar solved the major issues brought about by its predecessor, but it isn’t perfect — in fact, it differs from a solar year by 26 seconds. That’s resulted in a discrepancy of a few hours from when it was originally implemented nearly 500 years ago, but by the year 4909 that difference will have grown to a full day. Because the Gregorian calendar is 26 seconds longer than the solar year, correcting the error will require a day being repeated — perhaps a problem for whoever the pope happens to be some 2,900 years from now.

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