5 Myths About the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra
Though she’s one of the most famous leaders of the ancient world, Cleopatra’s life is still shrouded in mystery. Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator ruled Egypt for 22 years as a powerful queen, and while her legacy is filled with tales of a goddess incarnate who seduced men to get what she wanted and had no problem killing anyone who got in her way (even her own siblings), much of this image is thanks to Hollywood and other pop culture depictions of the Egyptian queen. Actress Elizabeth Taylor famously played her in the big-budget 1963 film Cleopatra, and there have been numerous other portrayals of this enigmatic leader in art, fiction, and film — most of them filled with anachronisms and exaggerations and lacking in historical accuracy.
What historians do know is that when Cleopatra’s father, Ptolemy XII, died in 51 BCE, 18-year-old Cleopatra was named his successor. Over the course of her reign, she ruled alongside two of her brothers and her oldest son. She envisioned herself as the sole ruler of Egypt, however, and formed alliances with two of Rome’s most powerful generals in order to protect and maintain her power. In 47 BCE, she bore a son by Julius Caesar, nicknaming him Caesarion, or “little Caesar,” despite his illegitimacy. A few years later, in 44 BCE, Cleopatra’s relationship with Caesar came to an abrupt end when the Roman leader was assassinated, forcing her to develop new strategic alliances to secure her reign.
The Egyptian queen found a new political and romantic partner in Caesar’s friend and ally Mark Antony. With Antony, Cleopatra continued her political alliance with Rome, and they had three children together. However, Caesar’s adopted son Octavian declared war on the pair, leading to their untimely deaths. Cleopatra died in 30 BCE at age 39, as the last Egyptian queen and next-to-last Egyptian pharaoh. (Octavian had the last pharaoh, Cleopatra and Caesar’s 17-year-old son Caesarion, put to death just days later.) Octavian went on to become the first Roman emperor, dubbed Augustus Caesar, embracing his role as Caesar’s heir and ending the Ptolemaic kingdom.
It has been over 2,000 years since Cleopatra’s death, but her fascinating life still captures the imagination. Here are five popular myths about the Egyptian queen that separate the truth from the legend.
Myth: Cleopatra Was Ethnically Egyptian
Cleopatra is one of the best-known figures in Egypt’s history , but she wasn’t ethnically Egyptian. Though she was born in Alexandria, Egypt, around 69 BCE, Cleopatra’s lineage is traced to Macedonian Greece. She was the daughter of Ptolemy XII, a descendant of Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian general who served under Alexander the Great and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that ruled in Egypt. Historians aren’t certain about the identity of Cleopatra’s mother, but theories suggest Cleopatra was the daughter of either Ptolemy’s first wife, Cleopatra V; his second wife, whose name is unknown; or a concubine.
Myth: Cleopatra Wasn’t Prepared to Be Queen
Little is known about Cleopatra’s life before she became queen, but as a member of Ptolemaic royalty, she was highly educated and received a well-rounded Hellenistic education that included rhetoric, philosophy, astronomy, music, and Greek literature. She spoke around nine languages (Egyptian, Greek, Latin, Syrian, Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopian, Persian, and Aramaic) and was the first of the Ptolemaic line to learn the Egyptian language. Praised for her intellect, she was knowledgeable in a wide variety of subjects, including economics, military strategy, law, and linguistics.
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Myth: Cleopatra Was Known for Her Beauty
Accounts of Cleopatra’s life often suggest she was a beautiful seductress, a myth likely started by Octavian to justify his ongoing rivalry with Mark Antony. Few ancient historians characterized Cleopatra as beautiful and the existing artifacts bearing her likeness are inconsistent in their portrayal of the Egyptian queen. Some coins, for instance, show Cleopatra having more masculine features, such as a strong jaw, sloped forehead, and aquiline nose, perhaps as a way of emphasizing her leadership strength. Other artifacts present her with a more conventionally feminine appearance, accentuating rounded cheeks, stylishly curled hair, and a small chin. While legend attributed Cleopatra’s power to her beauty, it was her intellect and charisma that garnered her the devotion of others. In his 75 CE biography, Life of Antony, Greek philosopher and historian Plutarch wrote of Cleopatra, “For her actual beauty, it is said, was not in itself so remarkable that none could be compared with her… but the contact of her presence, if you lived with her, was irresistible.”
Myth: Cleopatra Wasn’t a Good Leader
Born into royalty, Cleopatra was the wealthiest woman in the world during her lifetime and is still one of the wealthiest people in all of history, with an assigned net worth of tens of billions in today’s currency. She identified as the living manifestation of the goddess Isis, adorning herself in beautiful fabrics and priceless jewels, and enjoying an extravagant and decadent lifestyle. But far from being a mere figurehead, Cleopatra was a savvy public relations expert, skilled at both political and military tactics. She took an active role in leading Egypt, using her intelligence and charisma to build valuable strategic alliances in order to protect Egypt’s independence from the Roman Empire. By establishing trade with Eastern nations, she grew Egypt’s economy and solidified its position as a world power.
Myth: A Brokenhearted Cleopatra Died By Snakebite
In 31 BCE, Antony and Cleopatra were overwhelmed by Octavian’s formidable forces and lost the Battle of Actium, forcing the pair to retreat to Alexandria. As the war raged on, the lovers made a pact to take their own lives rather than risk capture by Octavian. When Octavian’s forces entered Alexandria in 30 BCE, Antony, believing Cleopatra was already dead, fell on his own sword. Cleopatra, however, was still alive and barricaded in the seaside mausoleum she was constructing for herself.
The most well-known legend about Cleopatra’s death features a grief-stricken queen coaxing a venomous viper or cobra to bite her. It is generally accepted that Cleopatra died by suicide, but the details of how it was executed may never be known. It seems unlikely that she would have used an imprecise method such as a snakebite, and many historians believe she may have drunk poison or used a toxic ointment instead. While Cleopatra might have grieved the loss of Antony in the days following his death, it was more likely the threat of being paraded through the streets as Octavian’s prisoner that motivated her to end her life.
