There was a “hole race” alongside the space race.

  • Project Mohole drilling operation, 1961
Project Mohole drilling operation, 1961
Credit: John Malmin/ Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd
March 20, 2025

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As the United States and the Soviet Union started competing for space supremacy in the mid-20th century, they were also racing in the opposite direction. Both countries wanted to dig the deepest hole, with the goal of reaching the Earth’s mantle in order to better understand the planet’s interior and also demonstrate technical prowess. A group of American scientists took a first stab at the deep hole in 1961 by drilling into a deep sea bed, where the Earth’s crust is thinner. The Soviet Union, after years of planning, started drilling a hole on the Kola Peninsula in the Arctic Circle in 1970. Eventually, the Germans launched their own effort in Bavaria in 1990.

Ultimately, nobody reached the Earth’s mantle. The Soviet Union still finished on top: Around 1989, after drilling the Kola Superdeep Borehole for about 20 years, the Soviets reached a depth of about 7.5 miles. The hole is only about 9 inches across, too small for a human being to fall in, but it was sealed up with a metal cap in 2008 anyway. It’s still the deepest human-made hole on Earth.

The United States made it 601 feet deep under 11,700 feet of water before funding was pulled in 1967, although the project helped launch a new era of ocean exploration and brought up some valuable geological samples. Germany drilled more than 5.5 miles, but the drill got too hot to continue — a lower temperature is one advantage the Soviet Union had in the Arctic Circle. All of these efforts helped pave the way for future scientific drilling projects, ushering in technology that is still used by the oil and gas industry.

France and Mexico fought a war over pastries. 

  • San Juan de Ulua, Mexico
San Juan de Ulua, Mexico
Credit: Chronicle/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd
December 19, 2023

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After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, its political environment was unstable, and its relationship with France — another European colonial power — was tense. These tensions came to a head in 1832, when a group of Mexican army officers went into a pastry shop outside Mexico City. The shop was owned by one Monsieur Remontel, a French national. The officers helped themselves to every pastry in his shop — after confining the owner to a room, according to some sources — and then left without paying. Afterward, Remontel demanded an enormous sum of 60,000 pesos as compensation from the Mexican government — about 60 times the total value of his shop.

Remontel wasn’t the only Frenchman to lodge such a complaint. Foreign nationals living in Mexico at the time, including a large population of French residents, started to complain about property damage sustained during civil disturbances, and sought redress from the Mexican government, with no success. Remontel became a kind of poster child for the growing demands, and in 1837, the French government got involved. France drew a hard line, demanding that Mexico pay a total of 600,000 pesos or prepare for war. The Mexican government couldn’t pay, so the French navy instituted a blockade at Veracruz, the main Mexican port along the Gulf of Mexico. After seven months, French soldiers escalated by firing on the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa and occupying the city. France eventually withdrew after being guaranteed payment through Great Britain.

Officially, the conflict was called the first Franco-Mexican War, but it became known derisively as the Pastry War in Mexico. Though the conflict may sound petty, it had a major influence on Mexican history. During the war, troops were led by Antonio López de Santa Anna, the former president of Mexico who was disgraced after losing Texas to the United States. Santa Anna lost a leg fighting the French (it was amputated after being injured by cannon fire), and the incident restored his public reputation. He went on to become president of Mexico seven more times.

John and Abigail Adams exchanged more than 1,100 letters.

  • Abigail Adams wife of 2nd U.S. President John Adams
Abigail Adams wife of 2nd U.S. President John Adams
Credit: IanDagnall Computing/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Mark Dolan
December 14, 2023

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Few couples have written letters to each other more extensive, and more compelling, than John and Abigail Adams, America’s second president and first lady. The pair met in 1759, when Adams accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to see Cranch’s fiancée Mary Smith, and her younger sister, Abigail. Although unimpressed by the 15-year-old Abigail on this occasion, calling the sisters neither “fond, nor frank, nor candid,” Adams found himself smitten two years later by the young woman. Thus began a correspondence that spanned more than three decades, and offers a rare glimpse into the founding of the United States. 

The early letters between the two lovers document their courtship; Adams addressed letters to “Miss Adorable,” requesting “as many Kisses, and as many Hours of your Company after 9 O’Clock as [I] shall please to Demand.” Even after the couple married in 1764, they continued to exchange letters regularly, as John was frequently away for work. In later years, the correspondence often turned to political matters, as John valued his wife as an intellectual equal and trusted adviser. In one 1776 letter, in the throes of the American Revolution, Abigail famously urged her husband to “remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.” The 1,160 letters the couple exchanged offer an incredible insight into this chapter of American history. All but one of the letters are kept in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society and are available online. 

Ronald Reagan was the first U.S. president to have been divorced.

  • Wedding of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman, 1940
Wedding of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman, 1940
Credit: ARCHIVIO GBB/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Bennett Kleinman
March 19, 2025

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Though he was married to his second wife when he took office in 1981, Ronald Reagan had previously been divorced, making him the first divorcé to serve as president of the United States. A former actor, Reagan met his first wife, actress Jane Wyman, while the two were co-starring in the 1938 movie Brother Rat. They started dating soon after and eventually married on January 26, 1940. Their union lasted nine years; the two strong personalities eventually grew apart, divorcing in 1949.

Reagan wasn’t single for long: He met Nancy Davis, the future first lady, just a few months later. Davis was an aspiring actor at the time who discovered her name was on the Hollywood blacklist — a career-killing list of actors suspected of having communist ties. She contacted the Screen Actors Guild president — Ronald Reagan — for help getting her name off the list. The pair met for dinner on November 15, 1949, and Davis was assured that it was a different actor of the same name who had been blacklisted. The two kept talking anyway, and started dating, leading to their wedding on March 4, 1952. They remained together until Reagan’s death in 2004. 

The first napkins were made of soft dough.

  • Ancient Greeks sharing a meal
Ancient Greeks sharing a meal
Classic Image/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Anne T. Donahue
December 19, 2023

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The ancient Greeks unknowingly set the bar for environmentally friendly dining: The first napkins were edible pieces of soft dough, which were often fed to the dogs after a meal. Centuries before the widespread use of paper napkins, soft pieces of dough were cut into small pieces, rolled, and then kneaded at the table before being used to wipe people’s fingers and hands after eating. This dough was called apomagdalia, which refers to the doughy bread inside the crusts, also known as “the crumb.” Eventually, the practice evolved, and diners used sliced pieces of bread to clean their hands. 

Since ancient Greeks ate with their hands, napkins of some sort were a necessity. At large banquets, towels and water were sometimes circulated among guests to tidy up between courses, but it wasn’t until the Romans began using cloths at mealtime that the modern napkin found its footing. A large cloth known as a mappa was draped over the body when reclining and eating, and guests would often bring their own to fill with food to take home as leftovers. 

The first paper napkins emerged in ancient China around the second century CE, when small pieces of paper were folded into squares and fitted into the bottom of baskets that held teacups. The word “napkin,” meanwhile, originated in France: “Nappe” is the French word for “tablecloth,” while “kin” was added to the end to note its smaller size.

There were female gladiators in ancient Rome.

  • Female gladiators marble sculpture
Female gladiators marble sculpture
Credit: World History Archive/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Michael Nordine
December 19, 2023

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If you learned everything you know about gladiators from a certain Ridley Scott movie, there’s a lot left to discover about the ancient Roman blood sport. Most compelling, perhaps, is the fact that there were female gladiators. Details of their exploits are scant compared to those of their male counterparts, but scholars and historians agree that gladiatrices had their share of glory in the arena. Though most came from lower classes, including enslaved women, some middle- and upper-class women also took up the sword and sandal, despite their lifestyle being frowned upon by Roman society, where they had far fewer freedoms than men and were defined in relation to them.

As for why women of means would choose to enter the arena, the University of Michigan’s David S. Potter offers this timeless explanation to History.com: “It’s exciting. It’s different. It pisses off their parents.” Though these female fights were relatively rare and mostly presented as novelty acts, literary and archaeological evidence suggests that a select few women received as much reverence as the men did. The most famous example is a bust depicting two gladiatrices using the stage names Amazon and Achillia, who fought to a noble draw — proving what we do in life really does echo in eternity.

The first portable music player was invented in 1924.

  • Record being placed on a Mikiphone
Record being placed on a Mikiphone
Credit: Roger Bamber/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Nicole Villeneuve
March 13, 2025

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Long before the Walkman and iPod, there was the Mikiphone. Invented in 1924 by Hungarian siblings Miklós and Étienne Vadász, the Mikiphone was a portable record player designed to be compact enough to fit into a pocket or purse. It featured a turntable, a tonearm with a needle, and a circular metal resonator that amplified the sound in place of a traditional phonograph’s horn. No power supply was needed — an internal spring drive mechanism rotated the turntable. Everything folded up into a round metal case that measured just over 4 inches across and just under 2 inches thick, more closely resembling an oversized pocket watch than a miniature gramophone. 

The Mikiphone was manufactured by Swiss company Paillard, which was known for its watches and music boxes. Advertisements at the time called the music player a “marvel of compactness” and boasted it was “ideal for picnics, car jaunts, [and] river trips.” Ads even extolled it as “literally the Eighth Wonder of the World.” It was indeed novel for its time, but despite its small size, the device was ultimately a bit cumbersome. The Mikiphone required that several parts — including small pieces such as the needle and the record weight — be carefully assembled and disassembled for each use, and when put together, it primarily played 10-inch, 78 RPM records — hardly a pocket-sized piece of media. Between 1925 and 1927, Paillard manufactured around 180,000 units, but by 1928 sales had plummeted, and Mikiphones were being let go at a major discount as a discontinued product. Today, the Mikiphone is known as the originator of portable music and is a prized collectible.

Pablo Picasso’s full name was more than 100 letters long.

  • Portrait of Pablo Picasso
Portrait of Pablo Picasso
Credit: Sanford Roth/ Photo Researchers via Getty Images
Author Sarah Anne Lloyd
March 13, 2025

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Pablo Picasso is one of the most recognizable names in art history, but if the painter had opted to go by his full name, it’d be a lot harder to remember. He was baptized with one first name, two last names, and 12 middle names, for a grand total of 112 letters: Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano María de los Remedios de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso. (The exact order and spelling vary by source.)

It’s common in Spanish-speaking cultures to have two last names, one for each parent. In Picasso’s case, Ruiz was his paternal surname, Picasso was his maternal surname, and he was given his first name, Pablo, in honor of a paternal uncle who died a few years before his birth. His many middle names each had their own meaning, too.

Some are family names: He was given Diego for both his paternal grandfather and oldest uncle, Francisco de Paula for his maternal grandfather, Juan Nepomuceno for his godfather, and María de los Remedios for his godmother. Others are religious. Santísima Trinidad means Holy Trinity, while Crispín and Crispiniano come from St. Crispín and St. Crispinian, whose feast day, October 25, is also Picasso’s birthday.

Some of the artist’s earlier works are signed P. Ruiz, P. Ruiz Picasso, or P.R. Picasso — but eventually, he settled on the name known by millions today, choosing just “Picasso” for his signature.

Only one president since Herbert Hoover was not named “TIME” Person of the Year.

  • President Gerald Ford
President Gerald Ford
Credit: White House Photo/ Alamy Stock Photo
Author Michael Nordine
December 14, 2023

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Though the outcome of any given presidential election is always in doubt, one thing is not: Whoever wins will almost certainly be named TIME magazine’s Person of the Year. The tradition dates back to 1932, when Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first president to be so honored. The title itself was established in 1927, with TIME naming aviator Charles Lindbergh its first Man of the Year (the name was changed to Person of the Year in 1999). President Calvin Coolidge, who was in office in 1927, was passed over by the magazine, as was Herbert Hoover, Coolidge’s successor. Since then, Gerald Ford is the only U.S. president who has not been named Person of the Year.

In a way, that’s fitting, as Ford is also the only commander in chief to never actually be elected vice president or president. He was appointed to the former office after Richard Nixon’s original VP, Spiro Agnew, resigned in disgrace, and he became president after Nixon avoided a likely impeachment over the Watergate scandal by likewise resigning. Ford’s controversial decision to immediately pardon his predecessor is widely considered a black mark on his record that doomed his reelection chances. Jimmy Carter, who defeated Ford in the 1976 election, was named TIME’s Person of the Year shortly after his victory.

A Roman emperor declared war on the sea.

  • Bust of Emperor Caligula
Bust of Emperor Caligula
Kizel Cotiw-an/ Shutterstock
Author Michael Nordine
January 10, 2024

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To say that Caligula was not well liked in his time is putting it lightly, as the first historians who wrote of him are said to have been so biased against the eccentric Roman emperor that it’s difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. Nevertheless, his erratic behavior is well documented, including the fact that he once declared war on the sea. He appears to have done so in order to declare a symbolic victory on the vast ocean. Roman historian Suetonius wrote of the incident in 40 CE, “And while no one could imagine what he intended to do, he suddenly commanded them to gather up seashells, and fill their helmets and the folds of their tunics with them, calling them ‘the spoils of the sea due to the Capitoline and the Palatine.’”

The seashells were then brought back to Rome, though historian David Woods has suggested that “seashells” is a mistranslation of the word “conchae,” which was also used to denote British ships captured in the English Channel. To celebrate his triumph, Caligula had a lighthouse built, gave his soldiers 100 denarii (Roman silver coins) each, and told them, “Go your ways and be merry; for now you are rich!”